ELEMENTS OF WEB DESIGN

There are some elements that must be considered in order to achieve a good web design nd to give an effective visual nd technical appeal to a website. web design uses many of the visual elements which mainly inclue

• Layout

it is a method to arrange graphics , ads , and text in a website. the main objectives of website is to provide information to the visitors at a glance.

• Colour

the choice of colours depends on the nature and purpose of business and type of customers . it could be simple black and white to multi-coloured design , conveying the personality of a person or brand of an organization.

• Graphics

It can include logos , photos, clipart or icons , all of which enhance the web design .

• Fonts

The use of various fonts can enhance a website design. most web browsers can only read a select number of fonts known as web safe fonts. therefor the designers should use theses widely accepted groups of fonts.

• Content

content and design can work together to enhance the message of the site through visuals and text. Written text should always be relevant and useful . content should be optimized for search engine and be of a suitable length , incorporating relevant keywords.

• Shape .

squares or rectangular shapes are used in most websites but they don’t necessarily have to be. shapes are responsible for the creation of an enclosed boundary in the overall design. Designer can experiments with any shape that fits in the design.

• Direction

it is the element which is responsible for allowing its movement or motion . a good web design is one which automatically makes visitor’s eyes move from one corner or content of the website to another according to relevance or hierarchy.

• Multimedia

Relevant video and audio stimuli in the design can help users to grasp the information , understanding in an easy and quick manner. this can encourage visitors to spend more time on the webpage.

• Compatibility

A web design should allow the webpage to perform equally well on different browsers and operating systems, to increase its viewing.

• Technology

Advancement in technology give designers the freedom to add movement and innovation, allowing for web design that is always fresh, dynamic and professional.

EFFORTS FOR GREEN COMPUTING

NEEDS:-
Green computing is popular now days.By using the computer.We save efforts of humans and our lot of time.But the use of the computers also increases the power consumption and also generates the more amount of heat.Here great heat means greater emission of co2.

EFFORTS:
1). SHUT DOWN YOUR COMPUTER: when we are not using computer,we should switch off , because it may leads to more co2 emission by consuming higher power.

2).BUY ENERGY STAR LABELED PRODUCT:- Energy star products are manufactured keeping in mind the term of green computing and its features.

3). SLEEP MODE:- We should put our PC on sleep mode when its not in use ,that mode pc consumes low power.

4) RECYCLING OF OLD DEVICES: manufacturing of new computer devices from the old ones by using the recycling method.

5). HIBERNATE THE COMPUTER:-It does shut down everything when we don’t use computer for short period of time.

Features of Intelligent Agents

An intelligent agent is a software program that supports a user by collecting information automatically over the internet and communicating data with other agents depending on the algorithm of the program.
Intelligent agents play an important role in e-marketing. Intelligent agents can perform multiple tasks at a variety of locations.

Features of Intelligent Agents:-
1.mobility:The intelligent agents engaged in e-commerce travel from computer to computer, across various system platforms and gather information until search parameters are exhausted.This is meant by mobility.

2. Goal oriented: Intelligent agent has the ability to accept the user statement of goals and carry out the task delegated to it .
3. Independent: Intelligent agents communicate independently with repositores of information and other agents and accomplish the objectives and tasks on the behalf of the user.
4. Intelligent: Intelligent Agents are able to crawl for data more intelligently.
5. Reduces net traffic:
   The quick communication & cooperation of an agent with other agents,
   enables them to perform tasks, such as information searches quickly and efficiently.
6. Multiple tasks: An intelligent agent can perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

Purpose Of MIS(Management Information System)

MIS is used for the following purposes.

• Manage effectively

MIS is very useful for efficient and effective planning and control functions of the management. Management is the art of getting thing done through others. MIS will be instrumental in getting the things done by providing quick and timely information to the management.

• Produce reports

reports give an idea about the performance of men, materials, machinery , money and management . reports show light on the utilizing of resources in the organization.

• Controlling costs

MIS is helpful in controlling costs by giving information about idle time , labor turnover, wastage and losses and surplus capacity.

• Provide statistic

MIS reports on production statistics regarding rejection , defective and spoilage and their effect on costs and quality of the products.

• Provide information for decision making

The objective of MIS is to provide information for decision making on planning, initiating, organizing, and controlling the operations of the subsystems of the firm and to provide a synergistic organization in the process.

• Improve decision making

MIS helps management by providing background information on a variety of issues and helps to improve the decision making quality of management.

• Improve efficiency and productivity

MIS helps managers to conduct their tasks with greater ease and with better efficiency. This will reflects in better productivity for the company.

• Regularity compliance

The only way an organization can be reasonably sure that it is in full compliance with laws and regulations is by operating a good management information system which takes responsibility for regulatory compliance , while working closely with local authority.

Elementary terminologies of RDBMS

The various terms used in EDBMS is explained below:

• Relation

Relational database have several interrelated tables. Each table called a “relation” contains one or more data categories in columns.

• Domain

Domain is defined as the set of all unique values permitted for a column.

• Attributes

The columns of tables are called attributes. It is a single data item related to a database object.

• Tuple

The rows of tables are called tuple. Tuple refers to a collection of one or more attributes.

• Cardinality

It refers to the number of members in the set. When specifically applied to database theory, the cardinality of a table refers to the number of rows (tuples)  contained in a table.

• Degree

The number of attributes in a relation is called the degree of the relation.

• Keys

This are used to establish and identify relationships between tables and also to uniquely identify and record or row of data inside a table. Following are the important keys:

• foreign key
• candidate key
• alternative key
• super key
• primary key

Features of RDBMS

• All data stored in the tables are provided by an RDBMS.
• Ensures that all data stored are in the form of rows and column.
• It facilitates primary key, which helps in unique identification of the rows.
• Facilitates a common column to be shared amid two or more tables.
• All data stored in a structured format.
• Index creation for retrieving data at a higher speed   .
• Multi user accessibility is facilitated to be controlled by individual users.
• A virtual table creation is enabled to store sensitive data and simplify queries.

Relational Database Management System(RDBMS)

RDMS stands for relational database management system that stores data in the form of related tables. a relational database stores data in one or more tables which relate to each other through common values. A relational database management system is one that provides operations to retrieve the data from multiple tables so that the user sees the data in single table form.

RDBMS stores the data in a structured format, using rows and columns. This makes it easy to locate and access specific values within the database. It is “relational” because the values within each table are related to each others. Tables may also be related to other tables. The relational structure makes it possible to run queries across multiple tables at once.

While a relational database describes the type of database an RDBMS manages, the RDBMS refers to the database program itself. It is the software that executes queries on the data , including adding, updating, and searching for values . an RDBMS may also provide a visual representation of the data. For example: it may display data in a tables like a spreadsheet , allowing to view and even edit  individuals values in the tables. Some RDBMS programs allow you to create forms that can streamline entering , editing, and deleting data.

ERP implementation Methodologies

Based on the experience of ERP implementation , there are three commonly used ways of installing ERP.

• The big bang

Big bang is the most difficult approach to ERP implementation. According to this methodology , companies abandon their old systems at once and install a single ERP systems across the entire company.  Few companies dare to attempt it anymore because it requires the entire company to mobilize and change at once.

• Modular implementation

This has been the most commonly used methodology of ERP implementation .as per this method one ERP module is implemented at a time. This limits the scope of implementation usually to one functional department. This approach suits companies that do not share many common processes across departments or business units. Modular implementation reduces the risk of installation, customization and operation of ERP systems by reducing the scope of the implementation.

• Slam – dunk (process oriented implementation)

This method of implementation ERP is implemented in one or a few critical business processes which involves a few business units. The process oriented implementation may eventually grow into a full- fledged  ERP system. This approach is utilized by many small to mid-sized companies whose business processes are not too complex. The slam –dunk is generally useful for smaller companies expecting to grow into ERP.

Process of BPR(Bsiness Process Reengineering)

Once it has determined that a process can no longer be appropriate and useful, it is time to begin the reengineering process.

• Create a business vision statement and define goals

Before going through the process of redesigning business processes, it is desirable to develop a vision statement if there is no such existing mission statement and if one exists, conform that it goes in tune with the company ‘s goals. This step involves the preparation and communication of the “case for action” and the ‘vision statement’.

• Develop the processes team

Through BPR, responsibility for processes is recognized so that cross functional teams supervise the entire sequence from beginning to end .  this eliminates unnecessary delay and speeds up the flow of information. Giving one team end to end responsibility for a process has been shown to achieve greater overall productivity , efficiency and quality.

• Identification of business processes

During this phase, the most important business processes are identified and are described from  global perspective using a set of process maps. The output of this phase is a number of process maps reflecting how these high level processes interact within the company and in relation to the outside world. 

• Selection of business processes

It is not necessary to reengineer all the high level processes of an organization at the sme time. Therefore, it has to decided which are the processes to be redesigned.

• Understanding of selected business processes

Before proceeding to redesign , the reengineering team needs to gain a better understanding of the existing selected processes.

• Redesign of the selected business processes

This is the most creative phase of the methodology, because new rules and ways of work should be invented.

• Design and build 

The next step in a redesign effort is the design of new process. The actual design of the new process should be viewed as a prototype and successive iterations should be expected.

• Implementation of redesigned business processes

The last phase covers the implementation phase of the BPR project. The success of the implementation depends on whether the aforesaid phases have been properly performed.  

Issues And Problems of BPR(Business Processes Reengineering)

There are many issues and problems with the implementation of BPR in any organization.

• Inadequate knowledge

The employees must have appropriate knowledge for performing.  BPR .   Retouched with substantial business processes re-engineering training programs.  The implementation is done on wrong processes, is an utter waste or resources. 

• Reengineering too many processes at the beginning

Top management of an organization may be highly interested to introduce BPR in too many processes simultaneously. The firm may face too many unforeseen problems which may difficult to resolve when too many processes are taken up for reengineering.

• Lack of training

Many BPR projects will fail because of inadequate training . adequate training is to be provided to members of reengineering team to impact technical skills needed for reengineering processes. The management should give proper attention to train the team members adequately for the success of BPR.

• Delay due to detailed processes analysis

A Detailed analysis of the processes consumes lot of time. But this does not mean that reengineering team members can make attempt to reengineer a processes with superficial knowledge of the processes.

• Improper monitoring

This requires proper monitoring of the implementation of a reengineered process. Otherwise there will be an adverse impact on the reengineered processes and the benefits may not be significant.

• Lack of support from employees

Majority of employees in a firm may be sometimes doubtful and anxious about the success of BPR projects even through the BPR team are confident about its success.

• Delay in achieving results

If there is any undue delay in achieving major improvements in measurable terms, the reengineering initiatives will be adversely affected. In such cases , people will begin to doubt about the capabilities and benefits of reengineering. 

• Lack of adequate resources

BPR team may suggest an innovative idea to reengineer a process, design and evaluate the process prototype successfully; however, the organization cannot realize the benefits of the reengineered process if adequate resources are not available at the stage of implementation of the reengineered process.