WEB STANDRDS

Web standards are rules and guidelines established by the world wide web consortium (w3c) developed to promote consistency in the design code which makes up a web page. simply it is the guideline for the markup language which determines how a web page displays in a visitor’s browser window. currently five standards have been officially implemented. most of them come from w3 consortium .

• HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language )

this is the first ever standard to emerge from w3 , is widely used on the web. it is the most common tool for designing web pages, which is usually considered as the backbone of the www. using HTML structuring elements (tags) , text documents interpreted by browsers can display their contents according to specified formats.

• XML (extensible Markup Language )

this is like HTML and support most of the fixed set of elements contained in HTML 4.0 , it allows the coder to customize new tag elements according either to a pre-set DTD (Document Type Definition ) or to one that can be personally defined . XML is much more flexible than HTML and is totally future oriented. XML is the standard through which the web’s full potential can be achieved

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheet )

. CSS is a mechanism through which changes in appearance and positions can be assigned to HTML or XML elements . simply by declaring specific styles to them. the overall appearance of entire sites can be so defined with the use of CSS, allowing it to be remodelled in a matter of seconds. this standard was brought forward by the w3c to create a simpler and more structured world wide web.

• DOM (Document Object Model )

this allows a scripting language to exert its full power and interactive capabilities on a web page . it is a platform that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content , structure and style of web documents .

• ECMAScript (the standardized version of JavaScript)

the main use of ECMAScript is to manipulate objects in a web document that are specified by the DOM . through it, elements can be manipulated, moved , or have some properties changed , allowing web developers to implement such effects as animated text and graphic rollovers .

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Types of web pages

web pages is a document available on world wide web . web pages are stored on web server and can be viewed using a web browser. a web page can contain many information including text, graphics, audio, video and hyper links. hyper links are the link to other web pages. collection of linked web pages on a web server is known as website. there are 2 type of web site.

Static web page

static web pages are also known as flat or stationary we page . such web pages contain only static information . user can only read the information but can not do any modification or interact with the information . static web pages don’t change content or layout with every request to the web server . they change only when a web author manually updates them with a text editor or web editing tools. the vast majority of web sites use static pages , and the technique is highly cost effective for publishing web information that doesn’t change substantially over a period of time. static web pages are created using only HTML . static web pages are only used when the information is no more required to be modified.

Dynamic web page

it shows different information at different point of time .it is possible to change a portion of a web page without loading the entire web page. for example in a news website , web pages can adapt their content or appearance depending on the user’s interactions , change in data supplied by a application, or as an evolution over time. using client side scripting techniques , content can be changed quickly on the user’s computer without new page request to the web server.

Principles Involved In Developing Website

In order to create a highly usable and effective website , designer follow certain principles which are given below.

• Accessibility

when a visitor enters the website , he must be able to access each bit of information in an easiest manner . This means that the text must be legible , the colors must not be harsh on the eyes and background must not be overpower the content . customers are online 24/7 and such they expect to be able to interact with businesses and organizations whenever and wherever they are online. so accessibility is important.

• Simplicity

company should keep their website simple and clean along with a user friendly interface to help visitors search for information they needed easily.

• communication and content

everyone who visit a website is looking for some kind of information or content. and thus it is very important to communicate with them clearly and in an engaging manner. the information must be compelling , easy to read and easy to processes . website are not just about colors , layout or graphics but a major role is played by its contents.

communication is not just about providing written information but also about images , and multimedia such as video and audio pieces.

• Navigation

web designer should have a clear idea about managing navigation in a website.

• precedence

a website is meant for providing information to visitors . one of the great tools to do this is precedence. it is about how much visual weight need to be given to different parts of design.

• Good structure

a web page must have a good structure and should be simple to understand so that users would not have to think which to go. it must be self explanatory .

• Typography

text is the most common element of design , so a lot of attention to be given on it. following things can consider in this respect:

• font choices
• font size
• spacing
• line length

• spacing

there is a tendency to fill every available space on web page with information . empty space seemed to be wasteful . in fact the opposite is true. spacing make things clear . in web design there are 3 aspects of space that need to be considered.

• line spacing
• padding
• white space

• usability

a web site not only looks attractive , but it should also be usable,

• visual hierarchy

in a website visual hierarchy can be referred to the sequence in which eye moves from one topic , content or block to another. there are mainly 2 ways to create a visual hierarchy as given below

• size hierarchy
• content hierarchy

• consistency

it implies matching of everything in a website such as heading sizes, font choices , coloring, button styles , spacing , design elements , illustration styles and photo choices.

• regular testing

test early and test often or TETO is another web design principle that all designers and website owners must consider. conducting usability test every now and then provide important results and insights into many kinds of problems and complications related to a website design. websites consistently need upgrades and updates so as to maintain the visitors footsteps and customers interest. solving errors during processes is least expensive rather than later.

ELEMENTS OF WEB DESIGN

There are some elements that must be considered in order to achieve a good web design nd to give an effective visual nd technical appeal to a website. web design uses many of the visual elements which mainly inclue

• Layout

it is a method to arrange graphics , ads , and text in a website. the main objectives of website is to provide information to the visitors at a glance.

• Colour

the choice of colours depends on the nature and purpose of business and type of customers . it could be simple black and white to multi-coloured design , conveying the personality of a person or brand of an organization.

• Graphics

It can include logos , photos, clipart or icons , all of which enhance the web design .

• Fonts

The use of various fonts can enhance a website design. most web browsers can only read a select number of fonts known as web safe fonts. therefor the designers should use theses widely accepted groups of fonts.

• Content

content and design can work together to enhance the message of the site through visuals and text. Written text should always be relevant and useful . content should be optimized for search engine and be of a suitable length , incorporating relevant keywords.

• Shape .

squares or rectangular shapes are used in most websites but they don’t necessarily have to be. shapes are responsible for the creation of an enclosed boundary in the overall design. Designer can experiments with any shape that fits in the design.

• Direction

it is the element which is responsible for allowing its movement or motion . a good web design is one which automatically makes visitor’s eyes move from one corner or content of the website to another according to relevance or hierarchy.

• Multimedia

Relevant video and audio stimuli in the design can help users to grasp the information , understanding in an easy and quick manner. this can encourage visitors to spend more time on the webpage.

• Compatibility

A web design should allow the webpage to perform equally well on different browsers and operating systems, to increase its viewing.

• Technology

Advancement in technology give designers the freedom to add movement and innovation, allowing for web design that is always fresh, dynamic and professional.

WEB DESIGN

Web design is a concept of planning, creating and maintaining a website . The process of using creativity to design and construct a website and updating it regularly to incorporate changes is also referred to as web designing .

Besides the creation and updating , this concept also involves taking care of the user interface, the architecture of information presentation , the layout , the colors , content , navigation as well as the designs of the various icons. some other area in web design include search engine optimization , user experience design , standardized codes , graphic design as well as interface design . Thus web design is a process of creation with the intention of presenting the content on electronic web pages , which the end user can access through the internet with the help of web browser . web designing is the process that can be done by anyone who has the right knowledge about it but is usually best handled by professionals known as web designers.

website means a central location that contains more than one webpage . A website is a related collection of world wide web (www) files called a homepage.

JOB COSTING

Job costing is a method of costing in which cost of each job or work is ascertained separately, each job or work order is different from others . Each job is treated as a cost unit and cost is ascertained separately.

example: printing work, engineering work , repair shop, machine tool, automobile garage etc.

it is also called production order costing or specific order costing.